Strict and Absolute Liability
Strict Liability :
Miin a ram chhungah thil a siam a, chu a thil siam chu midang
tana hlauhawm thei thil a nih a, chumi vanga chhiatna a lo thlen a midang tana
chhiatna a thlen ve bawk chuan hrem theih a ni a, chu chu Strict Liability chu
a ni. Ryland vs Fletcher Case
kha Strict Liability a ni a.
Defendant lam khan an ram chhungah Resevoir lian tha tak mai Mill chawmtu tur
an siam a, a hnthawk tur hian Contractor an ruai a ni. Contractor chuan Shaft
hlui tawh tak an hmang a ni tih chu a lo hrilh theihnghilh bakah siam that a
nit a lo a. Reservoir ah tui an hand ah khat chiah chu Shaft hlui tawh tak an
hman avang chuan Reservoir kha a puak keh ta a, tui chu a in sah ta huk mai a,
chu tui insah chuan a hnuai lama awm Plaintiff te Coal Mine chu a chim khat ta
vek a. Plaintiff ten chhiatna an tawh avang chuan Court lamah a ni zualko ta a,
Court chuan Defendant chu thiamloh a chan tir a, Contractor hnathawh thatloh
mah ni se ama ram chhungah ama duhthu ngeia a siam a nih avang leh chhiatna lo
thleng thei tur fimkhur taka enfiahloh a an siam a nih avangin hrem ngei tur an
ni.
Essentials:
1.
Dangerous Thing : Miin a ram chhungah Midang tana pawi thei thil hlauhawm tak a
siam a, chu chuan midang tana chhiatna a thlen chuan ama thhiamloh anga ngaih a
ni a, hrem theih a ni. Ryland Vs Fletcher case ah pawh khan Defendant in a ram
chhung a a thil hlauhawm siam avangin Plaintiff te harsatna a thlen a, chumi
avang chuan defendant kha thiamloh chanter a ni. Dangerous things ah chuan Noxious
Fumes, Explosives, Flag pole etc te hi a langsar zual an ni.
2.
Escape: Miin
a ram chhungah Midang tana pawi thei thil hlauhawm tak a siam a, chu chuan
midang tana chhiatna a thlen chuan ama thhiamloh anga ngaih a ni a, hrem theih
a ni a, mahse a chang chuan Plaintiff lamin an tihsual vet tho chuan hremlohin
a chhuak ve thei thung. Entirnan,
Plaintiff Bawng khan Defendant huana tur nei chi thlai an chin kha lo va ei
palh ta sela, Plaintiff bawng khan mi phalna lova mi thlai chin lo va eia thih
pui ta a nih avangin Defendant chu thiamloh chanter a ni dawnlo a ni. Read
vs. Lyons & Co., Case ah khan Defendant Ralthuam factory ah khan Plaintiff
khan hna a thawk a, Ama experience atan tiin thil hmuhchhuah tumin experiment a
lo nei a, mahse a chesual a chhiatna a thleng ta hlauh mai a, hemi case ah hian
plaintiff hian a duh thu vang renga thil a tih a nih avangin Defendant hian
thiamlohna a neilo a ni.
3.
Non-Natural use of Land : Thil a nihna tur bak chuangliama chetna or
zawh tawk bak aia hlauhawma thil siam. Ryland V. Fletcher Case ah khan
Reservoir lian lutuk tak mai, a chhiat palh hlauh pawha a bulhnai a awm te tana
hlauhawm tur an siam kha ani a, chhiatna
a thleng ta ngei reng a nih kha.
Exception:
1.
Plaintiffs own default : Chhiatna lo thlengah Plaintiff thiamlohna a tel vet ho chuan
defendant chuan thiam a chang thei.
Ponting V. Noakes case ah khan
plaintiff sakawr khan Defendant te Poisonous Trees a ei avangin a thi a, he
case ah hian sakawr hian defendant te ram chhung a mi ngei an phalna tel
miahloa a va ei avangin defendant te thiamlohna a awm lo a ni.
2.
Act of God : Khuarel
chhiatna a lo thlengah hian Defendant te vangin plaintiff te tana harsatna lo
thleng mahse Defendant te thiam lohna a awmlo anga ngaih a ni thin. Nicholas v. Marshal case ah khan
Defendant khan a ram chhungah Artificial Lake a siam a,Chumi kum chuan ruah kha
a mak amaka tamin a sur ta chiam mai a, chu ruahsur chuan Plaintiff te chhiatna
a thlen ta a, mahse hmei case ah hian Defendant hian thiamlohna chu nei tho
mahse hrem theih a nilo ve thunga, a chhan chu a dil siam kha a chhe lo a, ruah
sur nasa khan a dil atang khan tui lian a siam a ni mai a, a thiamlohna a awm
hranlo a ni.
3.
Consent of Plaintiff: Plaintiff
chunga chhiatna lo thlengah Plaintiff in ama duhthu ngeia a nih chuan defendant
chu hrem theih a ni lo.
4.
The Act of third party: Box
v. Jabb case ah chuan Defendant Reservoir atanga tui liamin Plaintiff te
chhiatna a thlen a, mahse defendant thiamloh niloin midang(third party) in
Reservoir tuichhe paihna an lo block vang a ni a, defendant chuan thiam a chang
thei a ni.
Absolute Liability:
MC
Mehta vs Union of India Case (Oleum Gas Leak Case ti a hriat lar) atangin India ramah
chuan kan hmel hriat tan a. Miin midanga tana hlauhawm leh chhiatna rapthlak
thei thil a siam a, chu chuan midang chunga chhiatna a thlen chuan a duh thu
vang renga a tih nilo mahse hrem a ni ngei ngei tur a ni, exception a awm tur a
ni lo. Strict Liability ti pawhin a sawi theih a, amaherawh chu
Exeption a awm velo thung, heihi Strict
Liability nena a danglamna awmchhun a ni. MC
Mehta vs Union of India Case ah khan Shriram Food and Fertilizer
Industries, Delhi atangin nasa takin Oleum Gas a leak a(He industries hi Delhi
Cloth Mills Ltd te ta a ni), chhiatna rapthlak tak thlengin nunna mi tamtakin
an chan a, hliamtuar engemaw zat an aawm bawk, hei bakah hian a hnu leh zelah
hechhiatna avanga ramtuileilo zui ta pawh an awm nual bawk a ni. He case hi
Bhopal Gas Leak hnu kum khat vela thleng a ni nghe nghe a, India ramah hian
Strict Liability chauh hman a la ni nghe nghe. He chhiatna ah hian a neituten
an tihsual luih leh he chhiatnaah hian inhnamhnawih velo angin in sawi mahsela
a neitu an ni a, an ,mawhpurhna liau liau a nih bakah a tuartute tawrhna
rapthlak tak avang chuan engvang maha exception awm tir kha rem tiloin Absolute
Liability (hrem ngei ngeina dan) chu an tichhuak a, Compensation engemaw zat pek tir an ni ta a
ni. Absolute Liability ah chuan Chhiatna kha duh reng vang nilo, Khuarel
chhiatna (Act of God) pawh ni se, a tuartute tawrhna rapthlak rul let turin a
neitu ber chu mawhphurtu ah tan tir in hremloh a chhuah a remlo bur a ni.
