Strict and Absolute Liability

Strict Liability :   

 Miin a ram chhungah thil a siam a, chu a thil siam chu midang tana hlauhawm thei thil a nih a, chumi vanga chhiatna a lo thlen a midang tana chhiatna a thlen ve bawk chuan hrem theih a ni a, chu chu Strict Liability chu a ni. Ryland vs Fletcher Case  kha Strict Liability a ni  a. Defendant lam khan an ram chhungah Resevoir lian tha tak mai Mill chawmtu tur an siam a, a hnthawk tur hian Contractor an ruai a ni. Contractor chuan Shaft hlui tawh tak an hmang a ni tih chu a lo hrilh theihnghilh bakah siam that a nit a lo a. Reservoir ah tui an hand ah khat chiah chu Shaft hlui tawh tak an hman avang chuan Reservoir kha a puak keh ta a, tui chu a in sah ta huk mai a, chu tui insah chuan a hnuai lama awm Plaintiff te Coal Mine chu a chim khat ta vek a. Plaintiff ten chhiatna an tawh avang chuan Court lamah a ni zualko ta a, Court chuan Defendant chu thiamloh a chan tir a, Contractor hnathawh thatloh mah ni se ama ram chhungah ama duhthu ngeia a siam a nih avang leh chhiatna lo thleng thei tur fimkhur taka enfiahloh a an siam a nih avangin hrem ngei tur an ni.

Essentials:

1.     Dangerous Thing :    Miin a ram chhungah Midang tana pawi thei thil hlauhawm tak a siam a, chu chuan midang tana chhiatna a thlen chuan ama thhiamloh anga ngaih a ni a, hrem theih a ni. Ryland Vs Fletcher case ah pawh khan Defendant in a ram chhung a a thil hlauhawm siam avangin Plaintiff te harsatna a thlen a, chumi avang chuan defendant kha thiamloh chanter a ni. Dangerous things ah chuan Noxious Fumes, Explosives, Flag pole etc te hi a langsar zual an ni.

2.     Escape:           Miin a ram chhungah Midang tana pawi thei thil hlauhawm tak a siam a, chu chuan midang tana chhiatna a thlen chuan ama thhiamloh anga ngaih a ni a, hrem theih a ni a, mahse a chang chuan Plaintiff lamin an tihsual vet tho chuan hremlohin a chhuak ve thei thung. Entirnan, Plaintiff Bawng khan Defendant huana tur nei chi thlai an chin kha lo va ei palh ta sela, Plaintiff bawng khan mi phalna lova mi thlai chin lo va eia thih pui ta a nih avangin Defendant chu thiamloh chanter a ni dawnlo a ni. Read vs. Lyons & Co., Case ah khan Defendant Ralthuam factory ah khan Plaintiff khan hna a thawk a, Ama experience atan tiin thil hmuhchhuah tumin experiment a lo nei a, mahse a chesual a chhiatna a thleng ta hlauh mai a, hemi case ah hian plaintiff hian a duh thu vang renga thil a tih a nih avangin Defendant hian thiamlohna a neilo a ni.

3.     Non-Natural use of Land :    Thil a nihna tur bak chuangliama chetna or zawh tawk bak aia hlauhawma thil siam. Ryland V. Fletcher Case ah khan Reservoir lian lutuk tak mai, a chhiat palh hlauh pawha a bulhnai a awm te tana hlauhawm tur an siam kha  ani a, chhiatna a thleng ta ngei reng a nih kha.

Exception:

1.     Plaintiffs own default :        Chhiatna lo thlengah Plaintiff thiamlohna a tel vet ho chuan defendant chuan thiam a chang thei. Ponting V. Noakes case  ah khan plaintiff sakawr khan Defendant te Poisonous Trees a ei avangin a thi a, he case ah hian sakawr hian defendant te ram chhung a mi ngei an phalna tel miahloa a va ei avangin defendant te thiamlohna a awm lo a ni.

2.     Act of God :   Khuarel chhiatna a lo thlengah hian Defendant te vangin plaintiff te tana harsatna lo thleng mahse Defendant te thiam lohna a awmlo anga ngaih a ni thin. Nicholas v. Marshal case ah khan Defendant khan a ram chhungah Artificial Lake a siam a,Chumi kum chuan ruah kha a mak amaka tamin a sur ta chiam mai a, chu ruahsur chuan Plaintiff te chhiatna a thlen ta a, mahse hmei case ah hian Defendant hian thiamlohna chu nei tho mahse hrem theih a nilo ve thunga, a chhan chu a dil siam kha a chhe lo a, ruah sur nasa khan a dil atang khan tui lian a siam a ni mai a, a thiamlohna a awm hranlo a ni.

3.     Consent of Plaintiff:             Plaintiff chunga chhiatna lo thlengah Plaintiff in ama duhthu ngeia a nih chuan defendant chu hrem theih a ni lo.

4.     The Act of third party:         Box v. Jabb case ah chuan Defendant Reservoir atanga tui liamin Plaintiff te chhiatna a thlen a, mahse defendant thiamloh niloin midang(third party) in Reservoir tuichhe paihna an lo block vang a ni a, defendant chuan thiam a chang thei a ni.

Absolute Liability:    

MC Mehta vs Union of India Case (Oleum Gas Leak Case ti a hriat lar) atangin India ramah chuan kan hmel hriat tan a. Miin midanga tana hlauhawm leh chhiatna rapthlak thei thil a siam a, chu chuan midang chunga chhiatna a thlen chuan a duh thu vang renga a tih nilo mahse hrem a ni ngei ngei tur a ni, exception a awm tur a ni lo.  Strict Liability  ti pawhin a sawi theih a, amaherawh chu Exeption  a awm velo thung, heihi Strict Liability nena a danglamna awmchhun a ni. MC Mehta vs Union of India Case ah khan Shriram Food and Fertilizer Industries, Delhi atangin nasa takin Oleum Gas a leak a(He industries hi Delhi Cloth Mills Ltd te ta a ni), chhiatna rapthlak tak thlengin nunna mi tamtakin an chan a, hliamtuar engemaw zat an aawm bawk, hei bakah hian a hnu leh zelah hechhiatna avanga ramtuileilo zui ta pawh an awm nual bawk a ni. He case hi Bhopal Gas Leak hnu kum khat vela thleng a ni nghe nghe a, India ramah hian Strict Liability chauh hman a la ni nghe nghe. He chhiatna ah hian a neituten an tihsual luih leh he chhiatnaah hian inhnamhnawih velo angin in sawi mahsela a neitu an ni a, an ,mawhpurhna liau liau a nih bakah a tuartute tawrhna rapthlak tak avang chuan engvang maha exception awm tir kha rem tiloin Absolute Liability (hrem ngei ngeina dan) chu an tichhuak a,  Compensation engemaw zat pek tir an ni ta a ni. Absolute Liability ah chuan Chhiatna kha duh reng vang nilo, Khuarel chhiatna (Act of God) pawh ni se, a tuartute tawrhna rapthlak rul let turin a neitu ber chu mawhphurtu ah tan tir in hremloh a chhuah a remlo bur a ni.